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Last Updated
03/31/2019
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Detailed entries for one subject from the INDEX TO HOW TO DO IT INFORMATION. |
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CAMERA LENS sa CAMERA LENS CAP sa CAMERA LENS MAINTENANCE & REPAIR sa CAMERA LENS SHADE sa CAMERA LENS TESTING sa DEPTH OF FIELD (PHOTOGRAPHIC) sa LARGE FORMAT CAMERA LENS sa MOTION PICTURE CAMERA LENS sa PHOTOGRAPHIC ENLARGER LENS sa TELEPHOTOGRAPHY sa VIDEO CAMERA LENS x LENS (CAMERA) xx CAMERA xx OPTICS A consideration of the lens quality in cameras used for astrophotography. Fish-eye on the sky. Using ultra wide-angle lenses (fish-eye lenses) to make 180-degree "all-sky" photos. Includes tips on making your own fish-eye lens. Choosing a lens "arsenal" consisting of only four lenses. Tips from experienced photographers. How, when and why to use wide-angle lenses and a peek at some new ones. What is available in ultra-wide lenses and tips on how to use them to advantage. The pros and cons of macro-zoom lenses. Three models profiled. Three lenses, 28mm, 50mm, and 135mm are presented as the best functional trio for 35mm photography. The special view. Application of unusual lenses. A general review of specialty lenses for cameras. A common sense approach to zoom lenses. How they operate, how to select one, and how to get the most out of a zoom lens. The broad view. The proper use of wide angle lenses. Comparing the modern teleconverters. Tips on using the Celestron C-90 Super-Telephoto lens. Low-cost macro lens for your camera. How to adapt enlarging lenses to serve double duty for high quality macro work. Diffraction effects. Getting the most from your lenses. Relationship between lens opening and depth-of-field when taking macro (1:1) nature photos. Myths of "flat-field" lenses. Challenging conventional wisdom. Understanding lens coatings. Practical photographic considerations. Perspective control lenses. What is available and tips on their use in architectural photography. How to calculate intermediate f/stop values (those for any point between the standard stops marked on a lens). Use a computer spread sheet program to calculate (1) lens angles of view and (2) lenses required for interior coverage. Flare. An overview of the cause, cure, benefits and problems of lens flare. Make an inexpensive extension tube for your camera lens from a body cap and a rear lens cap. Causes of vignetting in wide-angle lenses explained. Overhead projector helps teach photography. Lens opening differences, shutter speed differences and similar relationships can be illustrated by projecting a lens mounted on a special background onto a large screen. Some uses of zoom lenses to get special effects. Understanding lenses. Part 1. Some basic optical formulas and principles of lenses. Tips on choosing the right lens. Understanding lenses. Part 2. Focal length. Basics of photomacrography. Part 1. Lenses. Lenses, the forgotten factor. A discussion of the "conjugate ratio" and the role it plays in lens applications. Make your own lens extension tubes out of plastic plumbing pipe. A primer on 35mm lens systems. Information on the various problems inherent in different lenses. Looks at aberrations, depth of field, angle of view, etc. Lenses: the angle of coverage. Part 1. These charts or a few simple calculations will help you eliminate "diagonal error" when selecting lenses for various format cameras. Lenses: The angle of coverage. Part 2. Charts to help you eliminate "diagonal error". A guide to the use of mirror lenses. Variable aperture zoom lenses. Weighing the pros and cons. Expand your horizons with a wide angle zoom lens. What is available and tips on their use. Shift your prespective with a perspective control (PC) lens. What is available in PC lenses and tips on their use. Maximizing lens potential. Know your lenses for their weaknesses, as well as their strengths. Wide-angle lenses in perspective. What is available in 35mm SLR-dedicated wide-angle lenses and tips on their use. Extending your reach. Teleconverters can do a good job, but select and use them judiciously. What is available, how they function, testing, advantages, disadvantages, etc. Keeping a sharp eye out. Controlling depth of field involves more that guesswork. How to use the depth-of-field scale found on most focusable camera lenses. Mathematical formulas included for calculating the near and far limits of depth of field. Close encounters. Extend the power of your normal lens by means of a supplementary close-up lens. Includes a chart giving subject-to-len distances and field-of-view for close-up lens diopters +1 through +10. Special-purpose lenses for 35mm and medium-format SLRs. Includes a chart showing lens aberrations and which lenses can be affected. Tips on buying used camera lenses. How to select the good ones. How good are macro lenses? A comparison. How far is sharp? A critical look at what makes depth of field deep or not so deep. Changing depth of field by shifting distance or focal length. It may not be safe to attach independent brand lenses to various camera bodies without wrecking camera, lenses, guarantees and tempers. Comparison and use of zoom lenses. When and how damaged lenses should be repaired. Stopping down a lens will increase depth of field, but may not improve sharpness. How light diffraction and f/stops are related. Tips on proper times to use wide-angle lenses. Using preset diaphragm lenses rather than automatic lenses can save you a lot of money on lenses. Tips on selecting lenses for color photography. Photographs and sketches illustrate how perspective-control lenses (tilting lenses) on 35mm cameras can help out in a difficult picture taking situation. What lenses can be fitted to what cameras. An attempt to tell, camera by camera, which lens brands will fit and what adapters may be necessary. A flair for flare. How to control lens flare and to deliberately use it in photo composition. The Harbutt Workshop. Part 1. The lens. First of four lessons by Charle Harbutt, the same lessons he uses in college classes. The series deals with the esthetic applications of the Lens, the Shutter, the Film and, lastly, with discovering your own place in photography. Includes homework assignments. Chart of 35mm lenses, from 21mm to 200mm, and the corresponding lens for a 2-1/4" square or 4x5 format camera which will give the same field of view. The reality of ultra-wide-angle lenses. Popular snares and delusions about 15mm to 21mm lenses are explained. A review of the selection and use of macro or micro lenses for close-up photography. Formula to calculate exposure difference in f/stops from a known starting point. The kind of distortion you get with ultra-wide-angle lenses is illustrated with diagrams. Reverse your zoom lens to get larger than 1X photos. A series of photos illustrate how changing lenses (15mm up to 1000mm in 14 steps) can change your angle-of-view or your perspective. Computer generated chart shows the exposure factor for all standard focal length lenses from 65mm to 340mm when used with a bellows extension ranging from 65mm to 890mm. A review of wide angle lenses and what you should know technically in order to use them effectively. How to calculate your own depth-of-field tables using a pocket calculator. Guidelines for selecting and using zoom lenses. 1980 interchangeable lens list. Tips on using inexpensive accessories and lenses for special but infrequent requirements, such as close-up photography, wide angle photography, etc. How to couple a tele-converter with a zoom lens. How to choose a lens: Keppler's 20+ point condensed guide. How to make the most of your lenses. Deciding which lens is right for the shot involves considering more than the camera-to-subject distance. 1981 interchangeable lens list. A practical guide to zoom lenses. How to make your own top-quality macro lenses by adapting inexpensive (under $10) 8mm movie camera lenses to your 35mm camera. How to make a perspective correction lens holder for a 35mm camera. How to use your 35mm SLR camera as a view camera. How to use shift lenses and swinging bellows. How to fit almost any lens on almost any camera. How to select and use the short (under 500mm) mirror lenses and some of the problems that may be encountered. The delights and pitfalls of 28mm to 80, 85 and 90mm macro zooms. Includes tips on using them for close-up copying. Flattering portraits and landscapes may require a softer (less-sharp) image. How to deliberately diffuse all or part of your lens. Lenses: facts and fallacies. All about lens sharpness, image quality, do-it-yourself lens testing, depth of field, teles, mirror lenses, zooms, macros, wide angles, and buying. Tip: How to create lens diffusion by simply breathing on the lens. Lens selection system involves assigning numerical values to various lens features and listing them in a comparison chart. Home-made fisheye lens made from a lens cap and a through-the-door peephole viewer. Tip: Use wide rubber bands to keep zoom lenses from sliding out of focus when pointed downward. Build your own 1000mm lens from an inexpensive +1 diopter close-up lens and PVC plastic pipe. Make a macro lens converter for your camera. Est. cost: $5. Calculating the camera-to-object distance to produce a specific image magnification. Lens extension calculations without mathematics (a graphical approach). Backup equipment strategies for photographers. Part 1. Lenses. A comparison between 35mm and medium format of matching f-numbers and depth-of-field controls. Basic 35mm single-lens reflex photography. Part 2. Interchangeable lenses. Low-cost adapter converts your 50mm lens into a fisheye lens with a 175-degree angle of view. It consists of a door security viewing lens attached to a lens cap that screws into your 50mm lens. Soft-focus lenses. How they work, how to use them and tips on making your own soft-focus lens. Tips on making good soft focus pictures. Talking tech No. 20. How to obtain small lens openings, such as f/64, on medium-format cameras by using a tele-converter. Tips on using a tele-converter and special effects possible with a small lens opening. Tip: Learn to properly utilize your normal lens and you will get better medium format pictures. Tip: How to make your own aperture disc accessory for use on a Sima soft-focus lens. Improve picture sharpness by understanding the correct hyperfocal distance for your camera lens. How to choose and use catadioptric lenses (mirror lenses). A brief explanation of the meaning behind f/stops on camera lenses. Lenses. Part 1. The basics (Focal length and F-stop). Zoom lenses. A comprehensive look at features, functions, history, zoom techniques and a comprehensive buyer's guide to what is available. Lenses. Part 2. Understanding depth of field. Lenses. Part 3. Mastering depth of field. Lenses. Part 4. Focal length and perspective. Lenses. Part 5. Which are best for you? A look at normal, wide-angle, telephoto, special-purpose, and zoom lenses. 10 most asked questions about buying a lens. How to use soft-focus lenses and diffusion filters. Includes tips on making your own diffusion filter. How to build a lens reversing ring. Use a reversed 50mm lens to make close-up photographs. The underrated normal (50mm) lens is more useful than you think. Tips on its use. Guide to medium format cameras, lenses, film, projectors, and shooting techniques. Telephoto lenses: Facts and fallacies. Don't buy more than you need. How to use what you've got. How and when to use the 24mm lens as your "normal" lens. How wide do you need? Tips on selecting and using wide-angle lenses. SPECIAL SECTION on 35mm single-lens reflex photography. Interchangeable lenses. Includes focusing, image size, perspective, apertures, lens care, etc. Ultrawide-angle lens strategy. How to make the distortions and centers of emphasis work for you. How to make a soft-focus lens from an inexpensive magnifying glass, plus tips on using it to take photos. 35mm SLR super course. Part 2. Interchangeable lenses. A pointillist view. A simple lens modification you can make to create a unique painterly effect in your photographs. Make a pointillist aperture disk to combine with a soft focus lens. Sixteen photographic "shortcuts" using mathematical formulas based on f-numbers. The 20mm ultrawide lens. What is available and tips on its use. School of photography. Lesson 2. Photographic lenses. Fun at f/40. Get pinhole depth of field with glass optical quality by using the "Itorex" 50mm f/40 Pan-Focus lens. Some tips. School of photography. Lesson 7. Camera accessories. Part 2. Close-up lenses, extension tubes, bellows units, macro lenses, lens-reversing rings, close-up shooting tips, camera supports, carrying cases, etc. The standard lens. A look at the controversy over the value of the standard or "normal" lens. What constitutes a standard lens. When and where to use the standard lens. Photographic lenses. A guide to how lenses work, focal length, depth of field, lens care and more. 35mm and 105mm lenses for 35mm SLR cameras. The fast and easy choices. Special Section: All about lenses. Looks at perspective, depth of field, focusing, apertures, lens care, etc. Perspective control lenses. Tips on their selection and use. Consumers guide to 35mm interchangeable lenses. Everything you should know before buying your next lens. Guide to interchangeable lenses. Special section looks at how lenses work, depth of field, focal length, perspective, aperture, focusing, care, etc. Fisheye lenses. Advice on selection and use. The wrong lens at the right time. New uses for 24mm, 35mm and 100mm lenses as portrait, macro, and wide-angle lenses. Special section on choosing and using lenses. Includes features on fisheye, wide-angle, and telephoto lenses. School of photography. Part 3. Camera lenses. Photographic's super course of photography. Photographic lenses. Learn about focusing, apertures, depth of field, flare, focal lengths, magnification, field of view, perspective, and more. Back-to-basics. Introduction to camera lenses. Using the new perspective control lenses for 35mm cameras in architectural photography. Tip: How to simply calculate a lens' angle of view with paper, pencil and a protractor Constructing nomographs for photographic use. Example illustrates a nomograph to determine the greatest angle of coverage with a given lens and film size combination. How to stretch 35mm camera lenses by using low-cost extenders. A guide to choosing and using them. Accessory lenses for fixed-lens cameras reviewed. Using accessory lenses and filters which create unusual images. How to make an adjustable, reversible lens focusing tube for extra-sharp close-up photography. How to choose your second lens. Analyze the way you like to shoot pictures, then pick the lens accordingly. Some tips. How to get the most out of lens extenders. Tips on using and misusing the wide angle lens. Homemade fish-eye lens attachment for camera. Est. cost: $5. Tips on caring for lenses to promote "sharp" photographs. Use of soft fiber pliers to remove rings, filters and lenses when they are screwed in too tightly. Change lenses to enhance a photo by making the background come closer or fade away. How to control diffusion when taking pictures. How good or bad a lens you can use to make photos. The Hattersley Class: How to use a wide angle lens. Important compositional elements to consider. How do bargain lenses compare with their prestige counterparts? A general discussion. Tips on using multiple-image prism lens attachment to simulate stroboscopic-type pictures. How to shop for a zoom lens. Homemade 5-lens, multiple-image lensboard uses simple plano-convex lenses glued onto cardboard. Est. cost: $3. How to choose and use wide-angle lenses. Hone your focusing ability by studying depth-of-field charts for your lenses. How to use supplementary close-up lenses. Zoom plus macro lenses. What they are and what they can do for you. Ultrawide lenses. What they can do, how they work, and how you can use them. Test results of four normal lenses each from eight major companies. A personalized look at depth of field. Part 1. When to rely on the camera scale for sufficient depth. A personalized look at depth of field. Part 2. How to use shallow depth for creative effects. Quick, easy and accurate way to calculate actual lens fields for any focal length, at any distance. The Hattersley Class for Beginners. What lenses do. A simple cardboard device helps you to visualize the effect of using lenses of various focal lengths, even though you may not have any of these lenses. Making the most of zoom lenses. How to use them for best results. Choosing your second lens. Some personal and opinionated advice from eight POP PHOTO editors to help you make an intelligent choice. The beginner's notebook. Using depth of field. A guide to understanding the depth-of-field scale. Five ways to make your normal lens "supernormal". Using +3 supplement, teleconverter, polarizer, deep-yellow filter, and reverse adapter. Get soft, sharp and macro focus with inexpensive lenses and a bellows. Nine ways to use ultrawide-angle lenses to make top-quality images (with or without the "wide-angle look"). Tip on working with zoom lenses. A test of 13 macro-zoom 'unilenses'. The 70-to-150-mm zoom lens. A look at what is available and tips on their use. Macro lenses: they're not just for close-ups any more. How to use your macro lens for "normal" shots. For fresh creative experiences, use wide-angle lenses. Some tips. All about teleconverters which double or triple your lens' focal length. How to use them to get the best results. Ultrawide-angle lenses. Tips on using them. Tips on choosing a versatile lens group of minimum weight and bulk. Learning to see. How lenses expand your vision. Short-focus zoom lenses. What is available and tips on their use. How to choose the "best" lens. Part 1. How to choose the "best" lens. Part 2. Quality of the mount. Photojournalists tell how to use zoom lenses. How to choose the "best" lens. Part 3. What to look for in images. 12 zoom tips. Norman Rothschild shares the why and how of his zoom-lens technique. How to choose the "best" lens. Part 4. Lens-performance charts and data. Using teleconverters in portrait photography. 34 superzoom lenses compared. Includes tips on their use. The aperture-priority advantage. How versatile automatic SLRs can handle fascinating lenses and attachments with a minimum of fuss. Includes tips on using the soft-focus lens, long telephotos, mirror lenses, reverse rings, and slide copiers. Tips on using a tele-converter to double or triple the focal length of your lenses. Varifocal lenses. Tips on their selection and use. Ten tips for better pictures with "do-it-all" zoom lenses. Ultrawide lenses of 21mm and under can give startling visual effects. Some tips on how to use and control them. Through a lens, softly. A wide range of lenses, techniques, and attachments that can help you create beautiful soft-focus effects. Supernormal lenses. What is available in 35-70mm zoom lenses and tips on their use. Tips on making the right lens choice for today's cameras. Using closeup lenses on a zoom lens is a good alternative to using macro lenses or extension tubes. Some tips. At close range. Modern macro lenses make it easy to create ultrasharp, full-frame images of tiny subjects. What is available and tips on their use. Independent-brand lenses for SLR cameras. What is available, lens testing made simple, optical quality, etc. Choosing a long lens. Faster isn't necessarily better. Some tips. The 50mm lens is still the most versatile lens you own. Some tips on its use. Double-duty 2X extenders, with removable optics, double as simple extension tubes for close-up photography. The diffracting story of photography at small f-stops. A look at the reason why shorter lenses should not be used at aperture numbers larger than one quarter of their focal length. Zoom lens special section. (1) How pros use zoom lenses. (2) Choosing and using zoom lenses. (3) Quick check when buying a new or used zoom lens. (4) Great buys in used zooms. (5) 15 most-asked questions about zoom lenses. Tip: Add a +1 diopter lens to a zoom lens when you want to focus closer at shorter focal lengths. Understanding how depth of field affects picture sharpness. General guidelines on controlling sharpness with both manual and autofocus cameras, including how to read a lens depth-of-field scale. A five step technique for safer lens changing. Understanding why zoom lenses don't stay in focus as the focal length changes. Tips on eliminating the problem. Hints and tips on working with wide-angle lenses. Choosing lenses for various angles of coverage and depth perspective, controlling perspective and distortion, and dealing with flash fall-off. Definition of a macro lens. How to determine whether a lens is really a macro-focusing lens or not. Two simple tricks to keep a zoom lens from "backsliding" when you point the lens upward. Choosing the right zoom lenses. Advice on learning to use a 50mm lens before selecting a zoom lens. Exploiting the potential of the normal 50mm lens. Some advice. How to choose the right lens. Some tips. High-quality supplementary close-up lenses. Advice on their selection and use. Lens calculations for photographers. (1) How to calculate depth of field. (2) How to calculate f-stop difference. (3) How to calculate equivalent focal lengths and view angles of different lenses. Which lenses do you need for your SLR? Advice on determining the best lenses for your style of photography. Looks at normal lenses, zoom lenses, macro lenses, telephoto lenses, etc. How to build an auto-focus SLR lens outfit without breaking the bank. Using optical converters, T-mount converters, and direct converters to put less expensive lenses on a top-level Canon EOS or Minolta Maxxum AF SLR body. Go wide. Some tips on using wide-angle zoom lenses to show greater area and provide more depth. What you are usually not told about choosing and using zoom lenses. How professional photographers use zoom lenses. Includes 10 tips. Reference chart compares focal length from one camera format to another. Find the degree of coverage for any lens in one picture format, then locate the lens with the same degree of coverage for another format. Formats covered are APS, 35mm 6x4cm, 6x6cm, and 4"x5". Zoom it. Eight professional photographers show you why and how they use zoom lenses. How to avoid the agony of trying to choose the right regular zoom lens. A guide to selecting compact normal zooms that provide wide-angle-to-tele capability. Which general-purpose zoom lens should you buy? Tips on photographing with a semi-fisheye lens. Depth of field control. The realities about depth of field when using both wide angle and telephoto lenses. How to make lenses out of ice. Use them to start a fire, take a picture, etc. Ultra-wide lenses. How to use these unique lenses to their best advantage. Extreme closeups. Lens options for macro photography. Selecting and using supplementary close-up lenses. The art of visualization. Selecting the perfect lens to accomplish and capture your vision. Three is all you need. A trio of lenses for any application. Buying used lenses. How to find a treasure in the secondhand market. How to test the lens before purchase. Building your own close-up lens for photomacrography using a lens from a 110 camera, a lens from a disc camera, plastic film cans, tape and glue. Bargain lenses for under $50. A guide to shopping for usable, low-price lenses. A walk on the wide side. Tips on selecting and using wide-angle lenses for a variety of film formats. Fisheye perspective. Understanding and using this unique lens. Broaden your view. Using wide angle lenses to add impact to your photos. Choosing and using macro lenses for 35mm and 120 cameras. Avoid aggravation. Spend your money wisely when buying lenses. How to get the best lens you can afford. Build a perspective control lens for 35mm cameras. How to design telecompressors, a camera or telescope accessory that decreases focal length. | |||||||||
Copyright © by Norman Lathrop Enterprises. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, print photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior expressed permission of Norman Lathrop Enterprises, except as permitted by law. |
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