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Last Updated
03/31/2019
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Detailed entries for one subject from the INDEX TO HOW TO DO IT INFORMATION. |
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OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER x OP AMP xx AMPLIFIER xx ELECTRONICS xx SEMICONDUCTOR IC op amps for audio. Part 1. An introduction to the benefits and use of operational amplifiers in audio circuits. How to beef up an op amp (in terms of power and slew rate) with two resistors and a complementary pair of transistors. IC op amps for audio. Part 2. Reading a typical op amp specification sheet. A review of op amp theory. IC op amps for audio. Part 2 (continued). Reading a typical op amp specification sheet (continued). Construction of an IC op amp checker Op amps for audio. Part 3. Regulated power circuits (RC filter, voltage regulator, power supply). Audio performance tests for IC op amps. Part 1. Noise control in IC op amps for audio. How to design for the lowest noise with ICs. Tip on using four-pin CB radio mike connectors as power supply connectors when wiring split power supplies to op amp devices. A high quality power supply (voltage) regulator for use with any IC operational amplifier audio preamplifier. A gain of ten amplifier. A battery operated amplifier of precise gain to use as a preamp for a distortion analyzer, or as an output amp for a low output signal generator. Small configuration circuit board to alter the RC4136 pinout to a standard 4-pack op amp pinout. How clean is your audio op amp? A scholarly analysis of harmonic distortion versus noise. Includes test results of numerous op amps. Choosing low-noise op amps for use in audio equipment. Taming op amp distortion. Do-it-yourself op amps. Design and make operational amplifiers (to fill a specific need) from as few as six discrete components costing less than $1. Part 1. Do-it-yourself op amps. Part 2. Construction. A brief discussion of current pulldown on op amps. Universal test board for SMT operational amplifiers. Hybrid solid-state power amplifiers. (1) Current-boosted op amp. (2) Current- and voltage-boosted op amp. (3) Boosted cascoded op amp. (4) Driven supply op amp. The Modern Electronics computer experimenter lab. Part 4. Understanding and using operational amplifiers. The Modern Electronics computer experimenter lab. Part 5. Understanding and using operational amplifiers (continued). More on building operational-amplifier circuits. Circuits show unconventional uses for operational amplifiers, including full and half-wave rectifiers. Circuit for a basic linear-to-logarithmic amplifier (also called a "transdiode" circuit) built with a single op-amp. The current in the feedback loop of the op-amp is equal to the current flow at the input of the op-amp. Operational amplifiers. How to design with them and put them to work in various analog and audio circuits. Simple dead or alive test circuit for op-amps. Operational amplifiers, their theory and uses. An electronic project builds basic insight into op-amp and diode circuits. A variety of circuits in which an operational amplifier and diode are used together so that the amplifier can extract ideal performance from the diode. Hobbyist's advanced course on op-amps. Learn to design your own op-amp circuits and understand op-amp specs. Includes an experimental test circuit. Test surplus op-amps with this go/no go tester. Profile of the RCA Bimos operational amplifier integrated circuits (Series CA080 through CA083). Vacuum tube op amps applied. How tubed operational amplifiers and analog computers were used in the 1930s-1950s to simulate design ideas. Includes several vacuum tube op amp circuits. Easy-to-build vacuum tube op amp for audio purposes only uses two dual triode tubes. Its performance matches IC op amps, but without the sonic trade-off usually associated with IC devices. Designing audio amplifiers using op-amp building blocks. Includes a BASIC computer program to make the job easier. Guide to op-amps. Practical aspects of op-amp usage and tips that will help your op-amp designs. Electronic fundamentals. Operational amplifiers. Using op-amps in power-supply circuits. Experimenting with op-amp power-supply circuits promotes a deeper understanding of op-amp applications. Op-amp applications. Lab experiments to build and demonstrate op-amp circuits. Basic building-block circuits are made from the same low-cost IC, the LM324 quad op-amp. (1) AC voltage-follower. (2) Inverting amplifier. (3) Buffer amplifier. (4) Squarewave generator. (5) Instrumentation amplifier (formed by combining the above four circuits). Using op-amp comparator circuit chips to detect and measure real-world conditions. Circuits for monitoring temperature, light level, voltage, etc. Practical op-amp experiments. Introduction plus the first of 16 experiments. Construction of the op-amp module. Practical op-amp experiments. The squaring amplifier. Practical op-amp experiments. The voltage follower amplifier. Practical op-amp experiments. (1) Inverting amplifier. (2) Non-inverting amplifier. (3) Differential amplifier. Practical op-amp experiments. (1) Wein bridge oscillator. (2) Phase shift oscillator. Practical op-amp experiments. Twin-T oscillator. Practical op-amp experiments. The Twin-T filter. Practical op-amp experiments. (1) The astable multivibrator. (2) The monostable multivibrator. Practical op-amp experiments. The Schmitt trigger. Practical op-amp experiments. (1) Peak follower. (2) Analog adder. Practical op-amp experiments. The transconductance amplifier. Final experiment in the series. Beyond op-amps. How to use special-purpose op-amps in practical and exotic circuits. How to get started in electronics. Part 2: Inside integrated circuits. Looks at diode gates, transistor gates, linear ICs, op-amps, etc. Experimenting with the analog comparator, a special circuit incorporating the operational amplifier. Circuits include (1) an adjustable light-dark detector, (2) adjustable-threshold temperature-controlled relay, (3) a sine- to square-wave converter, and (4) a peak-voltage detector. A universal rear end. This simple op-amp circuit gives frequently overlooked attention to the outputs of your project. Features include gain, gain control, dc balance control/offset null, and a position control. Using op amps. Practical applications of the ubiquitous op amp as an amplifier, a filter, and a limiter. A discrete-component high-frequency op amp. Gives good performance at frequencies to 4 MHz and beyond. Understanding electronic feedback. Includes feedback demonstration circuits, operational amplifiers, phase-locked loops, and servomechanisms. Using the operational transconductance amplifier (OTA). Discover the advantages of working with this often-disregarded member of the op-amp family. Using op amps to generate signals. A low-cost way to obtain the sine, square, triangle and sawtooth waves called for in many modern analog and digital circuits. Using current-differencing operational amplifiers. A specialized op amp that can simplify circuit designs by eliminating the need for a second power supply. Choosing op amps for specific applications. Examining the important specifications for making intelligent choices of what operational amplifier to use in a given application. The state of op-amps. What designers have devised to improve the ubiquitous operational amplifier. Experimenting with audio circuits. Using op-amps to build a variety of professional audio circuits to suit different requirements. New developments in op amps. Includes circuits for an instrumentation amplifier, thermocouple thermometer, temperature-compensated crystal-oscillator, and a 9-volt to 5-volt converter. Linear CMOS micropower IC op amps and comparators. Includes circuits for a microphone preamp, function generator, and window comparators. JFET-input operational amplifiers. An introduction to their operation and applications. The operational amplifier (op amp). What it is and how it works. Part 1. The operational amplifier (op amp). What it is and how it works. Part 2. Basic applications for this versatile IC device. Use an operational amplifier integrated circuit as a highly sensitive voltage comparator in place of a standard Wheatstone bridge circuit. Three flip-flop acting circuits are actually multivibrator circuits using IC op amps. Build an op-amp tester. Tests gain, stability, input offset and bias current. Est. cost: $30. Upgrade the 741 operational amplifier to become 20-volt power supply, battery charger or eliminator, general AC or DC amplifier, hi-fi audio amplifier, servo amplifier, chart recorder drive, etc. Breadboard unit for experimenting with op amp circuits. Unit features built-in power supplies, function generator and null detecter. Est. cost: $90. Circuit to deliver up to 100-mA to an op amp. Getting started with op-amps. A solderless socket, a handful of parts and you are ready to experiment with these devices. Testing op-amps, LED experiments and a microphone amplifier experiment. Applications for quad op-amps. A new chip consists of four operational amplifiers in the same package. Typical uses discussed. Operational amplifiers. How they work, what is available and typical circuits. Understanding active filters. Using op-amps makes filter design easy and low cost. How to design high-pass, low-pass or band-pass frequency selective filters. New, practical op-amp circuits. (1) Printed circuit board tester can determine the presence of current flow and the approximate amount of current without breaking the foil trace. (2) Photo switch that can be activated by a flashlight. Programmable-gain amplifiers. Circuits use an operational amplifier to control gain with a series of switches or under microprocessor or computer control. Power supplies for operational amplifiers. Seven schematics shown. Comparison between the newer precision or high-performance op amps and the inexpensive "jellybean" op amps. Fundamentals of operational amplifiers explained. Taming the wild op-amp. Causes and cures of spurious and unexpected oscillations in circuits using operational amplifiers and other linear IC's. Digital electronics course. A close look at comparisons. Fundamental course in design and operation of comparators (a special op-amp used to compare the voltage levels presented to its two inputs). Fun with op-amps. Part 1. (1) Operation. (2) Non-inverting amplifier circuit. (3) Circuit converts infrared-pulses to audio signals. (4) Infrared detector circuit lets you listen to IR hash or view it on a scope. All about proper input termination for integrated circuits. Looks at CMOS-logic termination, TTL-logic termination, comparator termination, Op-amp termination, analog switches and multiplexers, and transistor and Darlington arrays. Fun with op-amps. Part 2. (1) Operation and theory. (2) Telephone amplifier circuit for hearing impaired or noisy environment. (3) Audio alarm sounds a buzzer when the noise level gets too high. Op-amps. A refreshingly different and intuitive approach to explain how op-amps function. Using the current-difference linear IC amplifier (Norton amplifier) which performs similarly to the op-amp, but is better suited for certain applications. Op-amp applications. (1) CMOS-interface driver, (2) dual-voltage supply, (3) AC amplifier, (4) adjustable comparator, (5) dual-voltage comparator, (6) four-level voltage detector, and (7) voltage window. Gain provider circuit incorporates a single-supply and LM741 inverting AC op-amp. Basic op-amp circuit configurations. (1) Inverting amp. (2) Noninverting amp. (3) Unity gain amp. (4) DC differential amp. (5) Single-supply inverting amp. (6) Microphone amp. (7) Low voltage audio amps. (8) Fixed gain audio amp. Simple op-amp application circuits. (1) Fixed voltage reference. (2) Light-operated sensor. (3) Alarm sensor. (4) Voltage-level sensor. (5) Peak-voltage detector and hold. (6) DC motor driver and reverser. (7) Simple timer circuit to delay relay operation for up to 30 seconds. A hands-on approach to op-amp basics. How they work and three projects to further your understanding of this extremely adaptable device. (1) RIAA phono preamp. (2) RF sniffer. (3) Electronic thermometer. IC application of the month. The XR-2208 operational multiplier is suited for both analog computation and communications signal processing applications. Several protection circuits are shown to protect op-amps from voltage and current overloads. The Harris Semiconductor HA-2400 PRAM four channel operational amplifier. Description and typical application circuits. Simple circuit uses any common op-amp to form an analog comparator with variable hysteresis between two trip-points (one fixed and one movable). How to design your own op-amp circuits. How to design analog circuits. The operational amplifier. How to use transconductance operational amplifiers. Designing with linear IC's. Part 1. Basic op-amp, the CDA linear amp and OTA linear amp. Designing with linear IC's. Part 2. Basic inverting follower, and how to solve some of the basic problems found in op-amp circuits. Designing with linear IC's. Part 3. Noninverting follower and some op-amp applications. Designing with linear IC's. Part 4. Differential and instrumentation amplifiers and how to use them. Designing with linear IC's. Part 5. Current-difference amplifiers (CDA's) and operational transconductance amplifiers (OTA's). Computerized op-amp calculator. Find all the circuit values for three important op-amp configurations with this spreadsheet template. Designing with linear IC's. Part 6. The logarithmic and isolation amplifiers. Designing with linear IC's. Part 7. Voltage-controlled amplifiers, integrators, and differentiators. Power op-amp IC's. Includes a position control for motor-driven, retractable automobile headlights. Designing with linear IC's. Part 8. A look at op-amp based sinewave, squarewave, and triangular wave generators. Servicing op-amp circuits in newer television sets. Precision op-amps. What is available and tips on their uses. Circuit for a low-current ammeter uses the new OP-41 op-amp from Precision Monolithics Inc. Chopper-stabilized op-amps. What is available and tips on their use. Instrumentation amplifiers. A look at the AD625 high-performance, high-gain op-amp used in applications that require precise, low-level signal amplification. Testing semiconductors. Part 6. Op-amp characteristics and how to measure them. Precision Monolithics' OP-90 micropower op-amp is reviewed. Testing semiconductors. Part 7. AC characteristics of the op-amp. Working with OTA's (operational transconductance amplifiers), a special type of operational amplifier. Part 1. Working with OTA's (operational transconductance amplifiers), a special type of operational amplifier. Part 2. Working with a Norton op-amp. Exploring the mysteries of the LM3900 current-differencing amplifier. Compound op-amps. Standard op-amp circuits can easily be modified for applications requiring very high slew rates, high output currents, or output swings up to hundreds of volts. Includes voltage followers, inverting amplifiers, relaxation oscillators, 2-wire detectors, etc. Basic op-amp principles and circuits. Working with op-amps. Circuits included for both inverting and non-inverting amplifiers (both AC and DC), voltage followers, audio mixer, adders and subtractors, phase-splitter, and active filters. Circuit for a basic analog log amp built around a single op-amp. Called a "transdiode" circuit. Used to convert a linear-voltage input into a log-arithmic output to drive a meter. Op-amp oscillators. Circuits for sine-wave, Wein-bridge, twin-T, square-wave, and several other oscillators. Op-amps show their versatility in instrumentation circuits. Includes circuits for rectifier, peak detector, AC/DC converter, voltmeter, ammeter, ohmmeter, voltage reference, and power supply. Programmable gain amplifier op-amp circuit gives you a choice of +1 or -1 gain. Can be used for synchronous demodulation. Simple circuit can provide you with a negative voltage from a 9-volt battery for operating op-amps that require a split supply. How to construct a differential operational amplifier. Article includes diagrams for (1) power amplifier circuit, (2) a low-frequency oscillator circuit, (3) a tuning fork circuit, (4) a circuit for maintaining constant temperature, (5) a circuit for amplifying zener voltage, (6) a constant-current circuit and (7) a circuit for measuring high potential. | |||||||||
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